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BUNYAD

BUNYAD. Dehkhoda’s Dictionary of Persian Vocabularies defines the term bunyad as “base, root, origin, and foundation.” In this article, bunyad refers to a certain type […]

BUKHARA KHANATE

BUKHARA KHANATE. This important Central Asian state existed for nearly four centuries until 1920. It had its roots in the conquest of Ma Ward’ al-Nahr […]

BOUHIRED, DJAMILA

BOUHIRED, DJAMILA (b. 1937), Algerian Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN; National Liberation Front) militant whose role in the 1957 Battle of Algiers gained her international […]

BORUJERDI, MOHAMMAD HOSAYN

BORUJERDI, MOHAMMAD HOSAYN (also rendered Muhammad Husayn Burujirdi; 1875-1962), Iranian theologian and religious leader who by the time of his death became the sole source […]

BOOK PUBLISHING

BOOK PUBLISHING. A distinction must be maintained between printing and publishing in Islamic countries, and Islamic printing and publishing. The former comprises Christian printing from […]

BOHRAS

BOHRAS. This Muslim community of Gujarat in western India traces its spiritual ancestry to early conversions to Isma’ili Shiism during the reign of the Fatimid […]

BIRTH RITES

BIRTH RITES. [To articulate religious values and traditions reflected in birth rites in modern Islamic societies, this entry comprises two articles: Legal Foundations and Modern […]