Category: Encyclopedia

CHAD

CHAD. Comprising more than 1,284,000 square kilometers between the northern and southern edges of the central Sahara, Chad lies at the crossroads of the dar […]

CENTRAL ASIAN LITERATURE

CENTRAL ASIAN LITERATURE. Central Asia is understood to include the territories of present Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan, the native population of which is […]

CAPITULATIONS

CAPITULATIONS. Commercial privileges called capitulations were granted by Muslim states, especially the Ottoman and Persian Empires, to Christian European states desiring to carry on trade […]

CAPITALISM AND ISLAM

CAPITALISM AND ISLAM. Debates over Islam’s economic implications are even more heated and inconclusive than debates over its social and political implications. Traditional texts and […]

CALIPH

CALIPH. The Arabic word khalifah (vicegerent, deputy, or successor) is one of the titles-others included imam (leader, particularly of prayer) and amir almu’minin (commander of […]

BUNYAD

BUNYAD. Dehkhoda’s Dictionary of Persian Vocabularies defines the term bunyad as “base, root, origin, and foundation.” In this article, bunyad refers to a certain type […]